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AWAITED
A 3% gain in December took gold to US$1,814/oz, cementing a y-o-y gain of 0.4%, something that looked unlikely to many just two months ago (Table 1). A strong start to December set the tone for gold to make a series of highs and higher lows over the month.
Available demand data shows that gold was supported by a solid gain in COMEX futures net long positions. 1 ETF investors were more cautious but the consistent outflows experienced since May were absent.
Our Gold Return Attribution Model (GRAM) suggests much of the positive return in December to a weaker US dollar (Chart 1), as other factors such as futures positioning and rates largely netted each other out. The US dollar index (DXY) fell below its 200-day moving average for the first time since June 2021, signalling perhaps that its reversal since late September is gathering momentum. The strong move lower in the DXY appeared to be a major contributor to gold’s recovery in Q4.
On release of our Q4 Gold Demand Trends at the end of January, we will have a better sense of how other sources of demand and supply fared in the last three months of the year.
Contributions of gold price drivers to periodic gold returns*
Data as of
Sources: Bloomberg, World Gold Council; Disclaimer
*To 31 December 2022. Our Gold Return Attribution Model (GRAM) is a multiple regression model of monthly gold price returns, which we group into four key thematic driver categories of gold’s performance: economic expansion, risk & uncertainty, opportunity cost, and momentum. These themes capture motives behind gold demand; most poignantly, investment demand, which is considered the marginal driver of gold price returns in the short run. ‘Unexplained’ represents the percentage change in the gold price that is not explained by factors currently included in the model. Results shown here are based on analysis covering an estimation period from February 2007 to December 2022.
Gold price and return in different periods across key currencies*
Gold price and return in different periods across key currencies*
*As of 31 December 2022. Based on the LBMA Gold Price PM in local currencies: US dollar (USD), euro (EUR), Japanese yen (JPY), pound sterling (GBP), Canadian dollar (CAD), Swiss franc (CHF), Indian rupee (INR), Chinese yuan (RMB), Turkish lira (TRY), and Australian dollar (AUD).
Source: Bloomberg, ICE Benchmark Administration, World Gold Council
The US 10-year Treasury Inflation-Protected security (TIP) yield, a proxy for real interest rates and the opportunity cost of holding non-yielding gold- has historically been a reliable higher frequency driver of gold prices for two decades but has been less stellar over lower frequencies. 3
The consistent inverse relationship would have suggested a steep fall in gold as yields rose over 250bps in 2022. But the relationship only held intermittently. The strong US dollar (+8%) as proxied by the DXY index should have proved equally challenging, given the historically negative relationship. Yet, it also failed to drag gold down over the full calendar year (Chart 2).
We have highlighted in the past, here and here, that while these two drivers are necessary, alone they can be insufficient drivers of the gold price, as they capture only a portion of demand and supply.
Sources: Bloomberg, World Gold Council; Disclaimer
In our view, gold’s resilience in 2022 was a result of its often ignored multifaceted sources of demand and supply.
The confluence of these opposing forces not only took gold to a small gain in 2022, but allowed its volatility to remain close to its long-term average of c.16% – for a 60/40 equity-bond portfolio which experienced one of its most volatile years (Chart 3).
Although gold’s correlation to a 60/40 portfolio was higher than its average (2.1) – along with the correlation between equities and bonds – it remained low at 20, an indicator of gold’s characteristic as a consistently reliable diversifier during market turmoil (Chart 4).
Data as of
Sources: Bloomberg, World Gold Council; Disclaimer
*To 31 December 2022. Our Gold Return Attribution Model (GRAM) is a multiple regression model of monthly gold price returns, which we group into four key thematic driver categories of gold’s performance: economic expansion, risk & uncertainty, opportunity cost, and momentum. These themes capture motives behind gold demand; most poignantly, investment demand, which is considered the marginal driver of gold price returns in the short run. ‘Unexplained’ represents the percentage change in the gold price that is not explained by factors currently included in the model. Results shown here are based on analysis covering an estimation period from February 2007 to December 2022.
Weak institutional investment demand was a visible headwind for gold in 2022. Aggressive monetary policy in most Western economies and a strong safe-haven bid for the US dollar conspired to reduce interest in ETFs, futures and OTC investment. The question many commentators posed was why gold didn’t fare better, given multi-decade high inflation.
The answer, in our view, is two-fold:
First, long-term inflation expectations remained conspicuously well anchored in 2022, suggesting that investors were confident that central banks could control inflation. Second, institutional and professional investors are likely more interested in how they are compensated for inflation, and hence take more cues from monetary policy than inflation developments.
Sources: Bloomberg, World Gold Council; Disclaimer
Correlation of monthly log returns using gold US$/oz (LBMA Gold Price PM) vs a 60/40 portfolio constructed using the S&P 500 equity index and the BofA US government and corporate bond index. Annual correlations are ordered from lowest to highest from 1972 to 2022, inclusive.
Counteracting this institutional malaise, retail investors were solid buyers of gold in 2022, with y-t-d demand in Q3 at an eight-year high. Our analysis suggests that retail investors, especially in Emerging Markets which make up about 60% 2 of the sector , are more wary of inflation – as well as the level of prices – given scant access to protection. Particularly for non-US investors, gold proved a lucrative investment in 2022, gaining well in their local currencies (Table 1). In Europe and the US, retail investment stayed buoyant in the face of and heightened geopolitical risk.
Arguably the most surprising development in the gold market in 2022 was the level of demand from central banks. By the end of ,Q3, 673t had reportedly been added to reserves, a historical high. In October and November, additions continued but at a slower pace. A substantial portion of those additions remains unreported making it difficult to determine the date of purchase, but the scale of buying would likely have supported the price of gold in 2022.
In our 2023 outlook we outlined how consensus economic expectations suggested a stable but positive outlook for gold prices. A few developments since the publication suggest that the consensus scenario is still playing out, but with a nod to a more severe economic downturn (Table 2).
Source: World Gold Council
the consensus scenario is playing out, but with a nod to a more severe economic downturn (Table 2).
China: As the Chinese New Year (CNY) approaches, local gold demand saw a seasonal rebound in December: the average daily trading volume of Au9999 was 38% higher m-o-m. 3 This was primarily driven by manufacturers’ active replenishment ahead of the traditional gold sales boost around the CNY holiday. But when comparing with previous years, Au9999’s average volume last month marked the weakest December since 2013. The sudden end of China’s zero-COVID policy in December has, ironically, played a key role. 4 Even though all COVID related restrictions were lifted, consumers voluntarily stayed home to either recover from the rapid spread of Omicron or avoid being infected. As a result, local economic activities and consumption were dented during the month. But this is not likely to last as .China’s intense reopening wave looks set to pass quickly.
India: Indian retail demand remained muted during the seasonally quiet month of December. Higher gold prices remained a key headwind for gold demand during the month impacting both wedding and regular purchases. With muted demand, the local market discount widened to US$30-35/oz from US$14/oz at the end of November.
Europe: While the ECB eased off the tightening pedal – lifting interest rates by 50bps in December – it was at pains to make clear its job is far from done. Inflation remained elevated at 10.1% in November, although down from the record 10.7% the month before, and policymakers still see risks to the upside. The BoE, which also increased interest rates by 50bps during the month following a slight fall in inflation, acknowledged the “considerable uncertainties around the outlook” and will respond “forcefully” if needed.
US: Two highly anticipated announcements during the month appeared to send sentiment in opposite directions. The first was the release of the consumer price index (CPI). The data showed that headline inflation rose only 0.1% in November from October, bringing the y-o-y gain to 7.1%, the lowest level since December 2021. Many investors assumed that the good news on inflation would have a notable impact on Fed policy but the release of the December policy meeting statement, the second anticipated announcement – followed by Jay Powell’s press conference sent gold lower as ongoing rate increases are likely. While, as widely expected, the Fed slowed its pace of rate increases by announcing a 50 bps increase in the federal funds target rate, the official statement reiterated that ongoing rate increases are likely, increasing gold’s opportunity cost.
Central banks: Central banks bought a net 50t of gold in November, up 47% m-o-m. The People’s Bank of China (PBoC) announced the first addition to its official gold reserves since September 2019, adding 32t in the month. The Central Bank of Türkiye (19t) and the Central Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (3t) also added to their gold reserves in November. On the sales side, the National Bank of Kazakhstan (4t) and the Central Bank of Uzbekistan (2t) were the largest sellers.
ETFs: Physically-backed gold ETFs registered their eighth consecutive month of negative demand in December, with global holdings declining by 4t (US$534mn (4t) to 3,473t (US$203bn (3,473t). Nonetheless, the pace of outflows continued to slow amid a 3% rise in the gold price during the month. Over the past year, holdings in global gold ETFs lost 110t (US3$bn (110t), a 3% decline y-o-y. Aggressive rate hikes from major central banks and a strong dollar during H2the second half led to sizable outflows, more than offsetting positive demand accumulated during the first four months of 2022. North America, Europe and Asia all contributed to the overall fall in global holdings over the year. In contrast, Other region saw a fractional rise of 0.2t in holdings.
Gold ETF holdings and flows by region*
*Data to 31 December 2022. On Goldhub, see: Gold-backed ETF flows.
Source: Bloomberg, Company Filings, ICE Benchmark Administration, World Gold Council
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